![]() ![]() Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels. Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009. ![]() Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014, and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops and caution is recommended for small gardeners. Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1960s, in the form of tobacco extracts (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects). ![]() : 112 The more quickly a dose of nicotine is delivered and absorbed, the higher the addiction risk. In contrast to recreational nicotine products, which have been designed to maximize the likelihood of addiction, nicotine replacement products (NRTs) are designed to minimize addictiveness. Nicotine is being researched in clinical trials for possible benefit in treating Parkinson's disease, dementia, ADHD, depression and sarcoma. 4 mg versus 2 mg nicotine gum also increase the chances of success. Ĭombining nicotine patch use with a faster acting nicotine replacement, like gum or spray, improves the odds of treatment success. A 2018 Cochrane Collaboration review found high-quality evidence that all current forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenges, inhaler, and nasal spray) therapies increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking by 50–60%, regardless of setting. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through gums, dermal patches, lozenges, inhalers, or nasal sprays to wean them off their dependence. The primary therapeutic use of nicotine is treating nicotine dependence to eliminate smoking and the damage it does to health. The Cochrane Collaboration finds that nicotine replacement therapy increases a quitter's chance of success by 50–60%, regardless of setting. High doses are known to cause nicotine poisoning, organ failure, and death through paralysis of respiratory muscles, though serious or fatal overdoses are rare. The median lethal dose of nicotine in humans is unknown. Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in humans and is considered a teratogen. The Surgeon General of the United States indicates that evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to nicotine and risk for cancer. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "nicotine is not generally considered to be a carcinogen." At low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. Animal studies suggest that nicotine may adversely affect cognitive development in adolescence, but the relevance of these findings to human brain development is disputed. Nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. On quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state. Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances. Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization, physical dependence, psychological dependence, and can cause distress. Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg). An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine. Animal research suggests that monoamine oxidase inhibitors present in tobacco smoke may enhance nicotine's addictive properties. Slow-release forms (gums and patches, when used correctly) are less addictive and aid in quitting. It functions as an antiherbivore toxin consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids (structurally similar to nicotine), such as imidacloprid, are some of the most effective and widely used insecticides. Nicotine is also present at ppb-concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits ( nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. As a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.
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